Ayam dan Telur : Sumber Pangan Hewani yang Sehat, Bergizi dan Terjangkau

             Mayoritas masyarakat Indonesia masih belum memahami pentingnya pola konsumsi terhadap produk hewani. Kurangnya pengetahuan mengenai pentingnya konsumsi produk hewani, berakibat pada buruknya pola konsumsi masyarakat yang lebih mementingkan pangan seadanya dengan gizi yang rendah tetapi bergaya hidup mewah. Hal ini berimbas pada rendahnya konsumsi daging ayam dan telur. Meskipun dari tahun ke tahun mengalami peningkatan, namun konsumsi daging ayam masyarakat Indonesia masih kalah dengan negara-negara tetangga. Menurut data FAO pada tahun 2015, rata-rata konsumsi daging ayam Malaysia dan Singapura sudah berada pada kisaran 25 kg/kapita/tahun sedangkan Indonesia masih di angka 8 kg /kapita/tahun. Peningkatan konsumsi daging ayam dan telur nasional menjadi fokus penting yang harus diwujudkan pemerintah dalam upaya meningkatkan gizi bangsa, karena daging ayam dan telur merupakan produk protein hewani yang paling murah dengan kandungan gizi tinggi dan menyehatkan.  

            Daging ayam merupakan produk utama industri perunggasan yaitu ayam pedaging (broiler) yang telah mengalami perbaikan genetik sedemikian rupa dan dipelihara dengan manajemen yang baik mengutamakan aspek kesehatan serta higienitas (hygine). Telur merupakan produk utama industri layer yang memiliki kandungan protein tinggi dan harga yang terjangkau. Dengan keunggulannya itu telur seringkali disebut sebagai the nutritious food, the cheap food and the delicious food. Keunggulan daging ayam dan telur dibandingkan dengan produk hewani lainnya adalah kandungan gizi dan harga. Menurut USDA, 100 g daging ayam mengandung Air (65 g), Energi (215 kkal), Protein (18 g), Lemak (15 g), Lemak jenuh (4 g), Kolesterol (75 mg), Ca (11 mg), Fe (0,9 mg), Mg (20 mg), P (147 mg), K (189 mg), Na (70 mg), dan Zn (1,3 mg). Vitamin dalam daging ayam antara lain vitamin C, vitamin B1 (hiamin), riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6(pyridoxamine), folat, vitamin B-12, vitamin A, vitamin E (tocopherol), vitamin D dan vitamin K. Kandungan gizi satu butir telur utuh antara lain Air (74 g), Energi (162 kkal), Protein (12,8 g), Lemak (11,5 g), Karbohidrat (0,7 g), Ca (54 mg), P (180 mg), Fe (2,7 mg), vitamin A (900 SI) dan vitamin B1 (0,01 mg). Menurut data dari detik.com, harga daging sapi per september 2017 mencapai Rp 90.000,- hingga Rp 120.000,- per kg sedangkan daging kambing mencapai Rp 70.000,- hingga Rp 80.000,- per kg. Menurut Pinsar Indonesia, harga daging ayam dan telur hanya kisaran Rp 28.000,- hingga Rp 35.000,- per kg dan Rp 18.000,- hingga Rp 20.000,- per kg. Dengan kandungan protein yang tinggi dan harga yang murah, menjadikan daging ayam dan telur pilihan utama dalam upaya peningkatan gizi masyarakat.

            Meskipun terbilang rendah, namun konsumsi daging ayam dan telur telah terbukti bisa menjangkau berbagai elemen masyarakat baik tingkat menengah ke atas maupun menengah ke bawah. Berdasarkan hasil survei di wilayah Jawa, rata-rata uang yang harus dikeluarkan masyarakat untuk mendapatkan makanan siap saji dengan lauk pauk berupa daging ayam dan telur tidaklah mahal. Pengeluaran normal yang dikeluarkan untuk nasi sayur dengan sepotong daging ayam rata-rata hanya seharga Rp 12.000,- hingga Rp 25.000,- sedangkan untuk nasi sayur dengan sebutir telur ayam siap konsumsi normalnya rata-rata hanya seharga Rp 8.000,- hingga Rp 15.000,-. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa kemampuan masyarakat untuk mengkonsumsi daging ayam dan telur harusnya dapat ditingkatkan, karena gizi yang terkandung dalam daging ayam dan telur sangat bermanfaat untuk kesehatan dan kecerdasan. Peningkatan kesadaran untuk memperbaiki pola konsumsi pangan hewani sangat diperlukan, mengingat sebetulnya terdapat produk hewani yang murah dan bergizi tinggi diantaranya yaitu daging ayam dan telur. Oleh karena itu, dalam rangka “Hari Ayam dan Telur Nasional” yang diperingati setiap tanggal 15 Oktober, marilah kita menjadi agen perubahan bangsa untuk mengajak saudara-saudara kita agar meningkatkan kesadaran akan pentingnya konsumsi daging ayam dan telur dalam rangka mencapai kehidupan yang lebih sehat dan cerdas. Hal ini sesuai dengan tema Hari Ayam dan Telur Nasional 2017 yaitu “Ayam dan Telur Makanan Kita Semua”, yang berarti bahwa ayam dan telur menjadi makanan semua lapisan masyarakat, karena harganya terjangkau dan kandungan gizinya luar biasa (selengkapnya dapat dilihat pada http://www.pinsarindonesia.com). Dengan mengonsumsi sebutir telur sehari dan sepotong daging ayam, tubuh kita akan lebih sehat dan cerdas.

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Lincoln sheep

  The present-day Lincoln is said to be the result of crossing the Leicester and the coarse native sheep of Lincolnshire. Not all breeders cared for the greater refinement and increased quality that Leicester blood introduced, but in the end, market demand resulted in improved carcasses and higher quality wool. The old Lincolnshire sheep was gradually modified by cross breeding and selection toward a more useful sheep than the extremely large and thin-fleshed sheep originally found in the area. Many breeders had a part in the improvement of the Lincoln sheep, but probably the most constructive breeders were members of the Dudding family of Great Grimsby in Lincolnshire, because this family bred Lincoln sheep for a period of about 175 years. The flock was not dispersed until 1913 and furnished many animals for export to other countries, particularly to Argentina.
            The Lincoln is usually referred to as the world's largest breed of sheep. There is little question that the breed is entitled to this distinction because the average weights of the breed are in excess of those of other breeds, although a few individuals of other breeds may sometimes equal their weights. Mature Lincoln rams should weigh from 250 to 350 pounds (113-160 kg), and mature ewes will range in weight from 200 to 250 pounds (90-113 kg). Lincolns are rather rectangular in form, are deep bodied, and show great width. They are straight and strong in the back and cover thickly as mature sheep. They sometimes lack fullness through the leg and appear somewhat upstanding when in short fleece. The fleece of the Lincoln is carried in heavy locks that are often twisted into a spiral near the end. Lincolns should be very well wooled to the knees and hocks, and occasionally some individuals carry wool below these points. The staple length in Lincolns is among the longest of all the breeds, ranging from eight to fifteen inches (20-38 cm) with a yield of 65 to 80 percent.  The fleece usually parts over the back on lambs and sometimes on older sheep. Lincolns produce the heaviest and coarsest fleeces of the long-wooled sheep with ewe fleeces weighing from 12 to 20 pounds (5.4-9kg). The fleece has a numeric count of 36's - 46's and ranges from 41.0 to 33.5 microns in fiber diameter. Although coarse and somewhat hair-like, the fleece does have considerable luster.

           The Lincoln has a large, lean, well-muscled carcass.  The Lincoln is to be considered only average in prolificacy. Because the mature ewes are easy feeders, they sometimes become over-conditioned and do not breed as readily as breeds that have less aptitude to take on fat. Lincolns are hearty eaters and make excellent use of an abundance of high-quality roughage or pasture. Modern breeders have selected for a more active and stylish kind of Lincoln that does not become over-conditioned so easily. The color markings of the Lincoln should be clear white, and the head is larger and bolder than that of the other long-wooled breeds. The breed has developed a forelock between the ears and when protected for show, this becomes quite pronounced. It is somewhat intermediate in size between the foretop found on the English Leicester and that found on the Cotswold.

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Hampshire sheep

The Hampshire sheep acquired its name from the agriculture county of Hampshire in Southern England where they were developed. The Hampshire-Down evolved from the mingling of different strains of kindred blood from sheep in co-existence along the borders of Hampshire County. Hampshires to fill specific sheep industry needs. Hampshire sheep have the genetic ability to efficiently convert forage into meat and fiber and are adaptable and productive in various geographic regions of the United States.
Standards
It is recognized that the appearance of a sheep is important but only as it relates to maximum productivity, profits and breed characteristics. Therefore, the Hampshire Standards are made to include mainly those traits that research has found to make them more productive. Major emphasis, then is put on such traits as multiple births, weight per age, face covering, refinement about the head and shoulders, muscling and freedom from unsoundness. Even more emphasis is placed on production records and Hampshire people are encouraged to use these as most important in selection. Final selection among a group with similar production factors may be made on the basis of appearance. Hampshires are noted for their rapid growth and efficient feed conversion.
The Hampshire is a large, open faced and active sheep with a mild disposition. Mature rams should weigh 275 pounds or more and mature ewes should weigh 200 pounds or more in breeding condition. The ears should be moderate in length, thick, covered with a coarse dark brown or black hair and free from wool. The face should be of good length, dark in color and practically free of wool from the eyes down. An unbroken woolcap should extend from the neck over the forehead. Any wool interfering with vision should be considered serious. Legs below the knee and hock should be relatively free of wool. The Hampshire should show quality without weakness and size without coarseness.
 Mature ewes will average a six to ten pound (2.7-4.5 kg) fleece that has a micron measurement of 25.0 to 33.0 and a spinning count of 46-58. The staple length of the fleece will be 2 to 3.5 inches (5-9 cm) with a yield of 50 to 62 percent.

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Merino sheep

This is the main representative of the Merino breed in Australia and is found in extremely high number throughout NSW, Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia.
Medium-wool Merinos are primarily grown for wool production, although improved carcass quality gives this breed a dual purpose. Their wool is almost totally absorbed by the textile trade, in particular high quality apparel wool.
The strain is large framed and relatively plain bodied, producing a heavy fleece which is soft handling and of good color with a fiber diameter of 20-22 microns. Staple length is approximately 90mm.

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Dorset sheep

         The exact history of the Dorset sheep is found wanting for some positive record of origin. History does tell us that centuries ago, Spain wished to conquer England, and possibly during this time, the Merino sheep were brought into Southwest England and were crossed with the Horned Sheep of Wales, which produced a desirable all-purpose sheep which met the needs of that time. Thus began a breed of sheep which spread over Dorset, Somerset, Devon, and most of Wales and were called Horned Dorsets. Both horned and polled Dorsets are an all white sheep of medium size having good body length and muscle conformation to produce a desirable carcass. The fleece is very white, strong, close and free from dark fiber. Dorset fleeces average five to nine pounds (2.25-4 kg) in the ewes with a yield of between 50% and 70%.  The staple length ranges from 2.5 to 4 inches (6-10 cm) with a numeric count of 46's-58's.  The fiber diameter will range from 33.0 to 27.0 microns.

          Dorset ewes weigh from 150 to 200 pounds at maturity, some in show condition may very well exceed this weight, Dorset rams weigh from 225 to 275 pounds at maturity. Dorsets are one of the few breeds that carry the "out-of-season" breeding characteristic. The ewes are good mothers, good milkers and multiple births are not uncommon. Dorsets work well in commercial situations both in the ewe flock and from a terminal sire aspect.

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Suffolks sheep

       The original Suffolks were the result of crossing Southdown rams on Norfolk Horned ewes. Apparently the product of this cross was a great improvement over either one of the parents. Although the Suffolk was a recognized breed as early as 1810, the flock book was not closed until much later.
In 1930, Southdowns were described as large sheep without horns, dark faces and legs, fine bones and long small necks. They were low set in front with high shoulders and light forequarters; however, their sides were good, rather broad in the loin, and were full in the thigh and twist. Today's Suffolk derives its meatiness and quality of wool from the old original British Southdown.
          The Norfolk Horned sheep, now rare, were a wild and hardy breed. They were blackfaced, light, fleeced sheep. Both sexes were horned. The upland regions of Suffolk, Norfolk and Cambridge on the southeastern coast of England are very rugged and forage is sparse. It was this dry, cold and windy area in which the Norfolk breed adapted itself to traveling great distances for food, thereby developing a superbly muscular body. It was said at that time of the Norfolk Horned, "their limbs are long and muscular, their bodies are long and their general form betokens activity and strength." This breed and its crosses were valued highly both by farmers and butchers. However, sheepmen of that day did not like the long legs, flat sides, nor wild nature of the Norfolk Horned. They noted that Southdowns crossed with Norfolk produced a progeny that reduced most of the criticisms of both breeds. In 1886, the English Suffolk Society was organized to provide registry service and to further develop the use of the breed. Through selection and careful breeding by many great English sheepmen, the Suffolks brought to this country retained the qualities for which they were originally mated.
          The first Suffolks were brought into this country in 1888 by Mr. G. B. Streeter of Chazy, New York. During a visit to England the previous year, Mr. Streeter had been greatly impressed by Suffolk sheep. These prize breeding animals had belonged to Joseph Smith of Hasketon, and one 21 month old ewe weighed exactly 200 pounds when she came off the ship. A 9 month old ram weighed 195 pounds and in the spring of 1890, a 7 week old twin weighed 85 pounds. That spring Streeter had a 200% lamb crop. The Suffolk did not make its appearance in the western states until 1919. Three ewes end two rams had been donated by the English Suffolk Sheep Society to the University of Idaho. One of the rams was to be sold at auction at the National Ram Sale in Salt Lake City, Utah. Several leading sheepmen saw these sheep at the sale and they liked what they saw. After several rounds of bidding, the ram was finally sold to Laidlaw and Brockie (developers of the Panama breed) of Muldoon, Idaho, for $500. These men were so impressed with the offspring from their Suffolk ram that they made several importations and were consistent buyers at the National Ram Sales.

          Since that time, the University of Idaho has played a great part in developing and advancing the Suffolk in the western states. Mature weights for Suffolk rams range from 250 to 350 pounds (113-159 kg), ewe weights vary from 180 to 250 pounds (81-113 kg).  Fleece weights from mature ewe are between five and eight pounds (2.25-3.6 kg) with a yield of 50 to 62 percent.  The fleeces are considered medium wool type with a fiber diameter of 25.5 to 33.0 microns and a spinning count of 48 to 58.  The staple length of Suffolk fleece ranges from 2 to 3.5 inches (5-8.75 cm).

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Texel sheep

       The Texel originated on the Isle of Texel off the coast of The Netherlands early in the nineteenth century. The original Old Texel was probably a short-tailed variety of sheep. Limited importations of Lincoln and Leicester Longwool were crossed with this stock during the mid-1800’s. The characteristics of the breed were established early on through a series of local showing competitions on the island. The emphasis was on a sheep that would produce heavily muscled lambs of superior eating quality. Since the primary market for these lambs was Continental Europe where excess fat on meat cuts has always been unpopular, significant effort was also made to produce a sheep that had a low propensity for fat deposition.
          The first Texels in the United States were imported by the Meat Animal Research Center at Clay Center, NE in 1985. After a five-year quarantine, some were released for purchase by private individuals in 1990 and subsequent years. Private importations have since been made by a handful of breeders in the United States. The Texel breed today is a white-faced breed with no wool on the head or legs. The breed is characterized by a distinctive short, wide face with a black nose and widely placed, short ears with a nearly horizontal carriage. These sheep also have black hooves. The wool is of medium grade (46’s-56’s) with no black fibers. Mature animals shear fleece weights of 3.5-5.5 kg.
The most outstanding feature of the Texel breed, however, is its remarkable muscle development and leaness. Research results from Clay Center and the University of Wisconsin indicate that Texel-sired lambs typically have a 6-10% advantage in loin-eye area when compared to American black-face-sired lambs. (In fact, many Texel breeders routinely scan loin-eyes as a selection tool and are finding 4+ square inches to be quite common with 5 square inch eyes appearing fairly often.) Texel-sired lambs also show an advantage of one full leg score in these comparisons and less total carcass fat—especially seam fat. This is significant in that seam fat is much harder to trim manually during fabrication than are subcutaneous and internal fat deposits. Curiously, even though Texel lambs in these trials grew slightly slower than the black-faced lambs, their feed efficiency was better. In a trial comparing Texel ram lambs to black-faced ram lambs, the Texels required about 15# less feed to produce 60# of gain.
The Texel has become the dominant terminal-sire breed in Europe. It is currently nearly equal to the Suffolk in market-share in the United Kingdom and gaining fast. The breed is also gaining in popularity in Australia and New Zealand as their production systems have shifted away from primary emphasis on wool to greater emphasis on lamb meat production. The breed clearly offers an opportunity for the North American sheep industry to improve the carcass merit of its product as wel

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